12:21 AM
Download Linux Bash Shell Cheet Sheet PDF file
Showing posts with label Linux. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Linux. Show all posts
Thursday, October 13, 2011
Linux Bash Shell cheat sheet for beginners
Download Linux Bash Shell Cheet Sheet PDF file
Friday, May 6, 2011
WinSCP alternative in Ubuntu.
WinSCP is the most popular file transfer application in Windows Operating systems like filezilla. It helps to copy files from remote system to local system and wise versa. In Linux, filezilla is use for this purpose. But we can simulate WinSCP in Linux/Ubuntu by using Nautilus.
To simulate this we need to install Nautilus elementary, which is a nice addition to Nautilus to enable split view in the file browser. The steps for installing Nautilus elementary in Ubuntu are here.
Type the following in console
Access Remote system
To simulate this we need to install Nautilus elementary, which is a nice addition to Nautilus to enable split view in the file browser. The steps for installing Nautilus elementary in Ubuntu are here.
Type the following in console
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:am-monkeyd/nautilus-elementary-ppa
The above line will add the repository from where you can download the Nautilus elementary
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
will update the local repositories and update all the software.
nautilus -q
Now open Nautilus and press F3. You should able to see the split windows.
Access Remote system
Access the remote system by connecting to remote system in one pane. Select the right side pane and go to File->Connect to Server
Fill up the details of the remote system and then press connect. Now the right hand panel will have the files of remote system.
The left hand panel will have the files of local system. To drag and drop the files form one pane to other for copying the files. Also you can use SSH, FTP, SFTP etc protocols to connect the remote system.
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Important Linux commands
Linux is one of the most used, free open source operating system. Most of the web servers uses linux as the OS. So web developers should aware of basic linux commands for the easy installation and development. The main Linux commands and syntaxes are explained here.
Copy -cp
cp- copy files and directories
Syntax
cp [options] SOURCE DEST
cp [options] SOURCE DIRECTORY
Options
Secure copy - scp
scp- secure copy (remote file copy program)
scp copies files between hosts on a network. It uses ssh(1) for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as ssh(1). Unlike rcp(1), scp will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for authentication.
File names may contain a user and host specification to indicate that the file is to be copied to/from that host. Local file names can be made explicit using absolute or relative pathnames to avoid scp treating file names containing ‘:’ as host specifiers. Copies between two remote hosts are also permitted.
Syntax
scp [options] [[user@]host1:]file1[[user@]host2:]file2
Options
SSH
ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary TCP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
Syntax
ssh [user@]hostname [command]
Move - mv
mv - move (rename) files
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
Syntax
mv [options] [-T] SOURCE DEST
mv [options] SOURCE DIRECTORY
Options
Remove - rm
rm - remove files or directories
Syntax
rm [options] FILE
Options
Copy -cp
cp- copy files and directories
Syntax
cp [options] SOURCE DEST
cp [options] SOURCE DIRECTORY
Options
| -a, --archive | same as -dpR |
| --backup[=CONTROL] | make a backup of each existing destination file |
| -b | like --backup but does not accept an argument |
| --copy-contents | copy contents of special files when recursive |
| -d | same as --no-dereference --preserve=link |
| -f, --force | if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) |
| -i, --interactive | prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) |
| -H | prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) |
| -l, --link | link files instead of copying |
| -L, --dereference | always follow symbolic links |
| -p | same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps |
| --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] | preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: links, all |
| --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST | don't preserve the specified attributes |
| --parents | append source path to DIRECTORY |
| -P | same as '--no-dereference' |
| -R, -r, --recursive | copy directories recursively |
| --remove-destination | remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) |
| --reply={yes,no,query} | specify how to handle the prompt about an existing destination file |
| --sparse=WHEN | control creation of sparse files |
| --strip-trailing-slashes | remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument |
| -s, --symbolic-link | make symbolic links instead of copying |
| -S, --suffix=SUFFIX | override the usual backup suffix |
| --target-directory=DIRECTORY | move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY |
| -u, --update | copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing |
| -v, --verbose | explain what is being done |
| -x, --one-file-system | stay on this file system |
Secure copy - scp
scp- secure copy (remote file copy program)
scp copies files between hosts on a network. It uses ssh(1) for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as ssh(1). Unlike rcp(1), scp will ask for passwords or passphrases if they are needed for authentication.
File names may contain a user and host specification to indicate that the file is to be copied to/from that host. Local file names can be made explicit using absolute or relative pathnames to avoid scp treating file names containing ‘:’ as host specifiers. Copies between two remote hosts are also permitted.
Syntax
scp [options] [[user@]host1:]file1[[user@]host2:]file2
Options
| -1 | Forces scp to use protocol 1. |
| -2 | Forces scp to use protocol 2. |
| -4 | Forces scp to use IPv4 addresses only. |
| -6 | Forces scp to use IPv6 addresses only. |
| -B | Selects batch mode (prevents asking for passwords or passphrases). |
| -C | Selects batch mode (prevents asking for passwords or passphrases). |
| -F ssh_config | Selects batch mode (prevents asking for passwords or passphrases). |
| -p | Preserves modification times, access times, and modes from the original file. |
| -q | Quiet mode: disables the progress meter as well as warning and diagnostic messages from ssh(1). |
| -r | Recursively copy entire directories. Note that scp follows symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal. |
| -v | Verbose mode. Causes scp and ssh(1) to print debugging messages about their progress. This is helpful in debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems. |
SSH
ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary TCP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
Syntax
ssh [user@]hostname [command]
Move - mv
mv - move (rename) files
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
Syntax
mv [options] [-T] SOURCE DEST
mv [options] SOURCE DIRECTORY
Options
| --backup[=CONTROL] | make a backup of each existing destination file |
| -f, --force | do not prompt before overwriting |
| -T, --no-target-directory | treat DEST as a normal file |
| -v, --verbose | explain what is being done |
Remove - rm
rm - remove files or directories
Syntax
rm [options] FILE
Options
| -f, --force | ignore nonexistent files, never prompt |
| -i | prompt before every removal |
| -I | prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes |
| --interactive[=WHEN] | prompt according to WHEN: never, once(-I), or always(-i). Without WHEN, prompt always |
| -r, -R, --recursive | remove directories and their contents recursively |
| -v, --verbose | explain what is being done |
| --version | output version information and exit |
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Installing Apache, MySQL and PHP in Linux-Ubuntu
Apache is the most commonly used web server. It is a free open source web server. PHP is an open source server scripting language. It has a lot of advantages. MySQL is also an open source database used for small and medium data storage. It can also used for large data storage also.
We can install apache, PHP and MySQL in two ways. 1. Download source code from their site and install. 2 the easiest way install it from synaptic package manager. If you use this method apt-get automatically manage all dependencies. So I explain the second method here.
1. Open the Terminal from Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
2. Install apache2 copy paste command to terminal
sudo apt-get install apache2
3. Install PHP5
sudo apt-get install php5 libapache2-mod-php5
4. Restart apache
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Now the PHP was installed. To test it create a php page in /var/www/ - the webroot and run it
Example sudo gedit /var/www/hello.php
write a basic php code in it
to run this script type http://localhost/hello.php in your browser and you can see "Hello World" in it.
5. Install mySQL
sudo apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server mysql-query-browser mysql-admin mysql-navigator php5-mysql php5-gd
6. Restart apache
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
7. If you need phpmyadmin follow this step. If you like to use MySQL GUI then skip this step
sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
Restart apache
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Add following lines in httpd.conf
# Enable PHPMyAdmin Include /etc/phpmyadmin/apache.conf
To access httpd.conf copy paste following line to terminal
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/httpd.conf
Restart apache
8. If you need to access your url as http://localhost/~username, enable userdir module in apache2. enable mod_rewrite to allow clean url
cd /etc/apache2/mods-enabled sudo ln -s ../mods-available/userdir.load sudo ln -s ../mods-available/userdir.conf sudo ln -s ../mods-available/rewrite.load sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 reload
9. Create folder /home/<username>/public_html -- > this is the folder which we are going to use as the document root for local development. So you will be accessing your local websites as http://localhost/~username/sitename
10. Edit /etc/apache2/mods-available/userdir.conf and change the AllowOverride line to just read AllowOverride All
Now you can use public_html as user document root
Enjoy scripting
